Diploma in Civil Engineering

1)substructure (Foundation) - The lowest part of structure which is in direct contact with the ground and which  transmit  the  load of structure to the ground is known as Foundation or substructure  2) superstructure  -  The part  of structure  constructed above plinth  level is termed as superstructure plinth is the middle part of the structure

Different Building components are as follow 1)Foundation - It is the lowermost part of the Building which is below ground level and not visible.Its function is to transfer the load of building to transfer load of Building to the hard strata. 2)Plinth-  This is part of building just above the ground level. It's function is to raise floor level above surrounding soil so as to provide protection from rainwater and crawling animals and insects 3)Floor -  It is plane surface made up of tiles or special stones like granite or marble. 4)wall -  These are the members which determine the boundaries of the building and seperate the rooms. In load bearing structure walls carry load but in framed structure they act as a separator only. 5)Roof -  This is the top covering of Building. This may be flat or sloped the function of roof is to protect inside of Building from rain ,direct sunlight,  snow. 6)Windows  - These are the openings

Any building can be classified as a Load bearing structure or framed structure nowadays load bearing structure is almost obsolete  A) Load bearing structure  -  In load bearing structure walls are structural members and load of slab is carried by the walls and then walls transfer the load to foundation  Hence, below each wall , a foundation of increasing thikness is provided due to this the load is spread over larger area at the foundation level Advantage 1.Low cost Limitations of load bearing structure 1. Limited no. Of storeyes 3 to 4  2.Not suitable in earthquake prone areas  3.More thickness of wall so space is wasted 4.Takes more time for construction  5. Less durable B)Framed structure -  A frame made up of columns and Beams carries the weight of slab.The walls are only partition walls. The weight of wall is carried by the beam under it. Wall can not be built anywhere but only on top of beams. In framed structure load of slab is carried by beams and beams transfer tha

Types of Buildings as per occupancy  1.Residential Buildings -  These buildings are constructed for the purpose of residence. With sleeping, cooking, dinning etc. Ex. House, Bungalow, lodge, hotel, appartment , chawl  2.Educational Building's  -    These are the buildings which are used for educational purposes  Ex. School, college  3.Institutinal Building's- Buildings under single Management which are used for housing persons suffering from physical limitations because of helth or age ex. Hospitals,  clinics or   forthe custody and careof persons such as children ex. Orphanages. 4.Assembly Building   - A building used for the gathering of persons for the purpose of dinning,drinking, education, entertainment, instructions  Ex. Theater,  Auditorium  5.Business Buildings-    The Buildings which are use for transaction of business and similar purposes, service facilities such as news stand, lunch counters, barber shops 5.Mercantile Buildings- Buildings which are used as shops,sto